Wind Instrument Exhibitors 1851 – 1862

Introduction

The following table presents a listing of all wind instrument exhibitors who participated in at least one of the first three great International Exhibitions – those held in London in 1851, in Paris in 1855 and again in London in 1862.

In the columns headed by the three Exhibitions, the term (pass) indicates that the exhibitor in question was definitely in business at the time and could have participated, but chose not to do so.  The term N/A indicates either that the exhibitor was not in business (and hence not in a position to participate) or that his status at the time is unclear. 

Exhibitors for whom Flutes are given as the exhibit often exhibited more than just flutes.  But we have singled out these exhibitors in view of their special interest for us.  Those whose exhibition of flutes is uncertain based on current information are simply indicated by the various categories of instruments which they displayed.  Some of those shown as having displayed “Woodwinds” undoubtedly did display flutes, but we have no hard evidence to confirm this at present.

The information in this table is largely extracted from the New Langwill Index, supplemented by such records of the Exhibitions of 1851, 1855 and 1862 as we have been able to find to date.  In some cases, Langwill was found to be inconsistent with contemporary sources, and we have gone along with the contemporary evidence in such cases.
 

Maker

City

Country

Active

London 1851

Paris 1855

London 1862

Ahlberg & Ohlsson

Stockholm

Sweden

1850 - p1950

Brass

(Pass)

(Pass)

Albert, Eugene

Brussels

Belgium

1842 - 1895

(Pass)

(Pass)

Flutes

Association Fraternelle d’ouvriers facteurs

Paris

France

1848 – c1860

(Pass)

Woodwinds, Brass

N/A

Badger, Alfred G.  (on Charles Goodyear’s stand)

New York

USA

1838 - 1892

Flutes

Flutes

(Pass)

Barbu, J. P.

Paris

France

1862 – 1899

N/A

N/A

Woodwinds

Bauer, Eduard Johann

Prague

Austria
 (at the time)

1836 - 1871

(Pass)

(Pass)

Brass

Besson, G. A.

Paris
London

France
England

1838 – p1950
1858 - p1950

Woodwinds,
Brass

Woodwinds,
Brass

Woodwinds, Brass

Böhm, Theobald

Munich

Zollverein

1828 - 1888

Flutes

Flutes

Flutes

Bohland, Gustav

Graslitz

Austria (at the time)

1850 - 1870

(Pass)

(Pass)

Brass, Woodwinds

Boosey & Co.

London

England

1851 - 1930

(Pass)

(Pass)

Flutes

Boose, Carl

London

England

Mid c.19

Woodwinds

N/A

N/A

Breton, J. D.

Paris

France

1844 - 1874

Flutes

Flutes

Flutes

Buffet-Crampon

Paris

France

1839 - 1950

(Pass)

Flutes

Flutes

Buffet, Auguste jeune

Paris

France

1830 - 1885

Flutes

Flutes

Flutes

Buthod & Thibouville

Paris

France

1857 - 1867

N/A

N/A

Brass

Callcott, John

London

England

1842 - 1861

Brass

(Pass)

N/A

Card & Co.

London

England

1825 - 1876

Flutes

(Pass)

Flutes

Cerveny, V. F.

Königgrätz

Austria

1842 - 1946

Brass

Brass

Brass

Chappell, S. A.

London

England

1862 - 1901

N/A

N/A

Flutes, Brass

Clinton & Co.

London

England

1855 - 1871

N/A

(Pass)

Flutes

Courtois, Auguste

Paris

France

1847 - 1862

Brass

Brass

(Pass)

Courtois, Denis Antoine fils

Paris

France

1844 - 1947

Brass

Brass

Brass

Courtois, neveu ainé

Paris

France

1803 – a1862

Brass

Brass

(Pass)

Couturier

Lyon

France

1812 – p1900

(Pass)

Brass

(Pass)

Darche

Paris

France

1830 - 1865

(Pass)

Brass

Brass

David, Louis

Paris

France

1836 - 1873

(Pass)

(Pass)

Brass

Distin, Henry J.

London

England

1850 - 1868

(Pass)

(Pass)

Brass

Dujariez, E. J. M.

Paris

France

1829 - 1855

(Pass)

Brass

(Pass)

Ehrenhoffer, Franz (listed in 1855 as “Herrnhoffer”)

Vienna

Austria

1853 - 1868

N/A

Brass

(Pass)

Eisenbrandt, C. H.

Baltimore

USA

1819 - 1949

Flutes

(Pass)

(Pass)

Felchlin, Charles

Berne

Switzerland

1836 - 1855

Flutes

(Pass)

(Pass)

Fontina, Andrea (aka Fortini)

Carrara

Italy

1851 - 1883

Flutes

(Pass)

(Pass)

Forni, Egidio

Milan

Italy

p1847 - 1872

(Pass)

(Pass)

Flutes

Gautrot ainé

Paris

France

1845 - 1884

Flutes, Brass

Flutes, Brass

Flutes, Brass

Gisborne, James

Birmingham

England

1839 - 1913

Brass

(Pass)

(Pass)

Glier, Ferdinand & Sons

Klingenthal

Zollverein

mid c. 19

Brass

N/A

N/A

Glier, Gottleib

Markneukirchen

Zollverein

mid c. 19

Flutes

N/A

N/A

Godefroy, Clair ainé

Paris

France

1814 - 1888

Flutes

Flutes

Flutes

Grandjon, Jules

Ivry-la-Bataille

France

a1855 - 1890

N/A

Woodwinds, Brass

(Pass)

Guichard, A. G.

Paris

France

1827 – p1855

(Pass)

Brass

(Pass)

Gyssens, Fr. Joseph

Paris

France

1845 – c1862

(Pass)

Woodwinds

(Pass)

Halary

Paris

France

1804 – p1873

(Pass)

Brass

(Pass)

Heckel, T. A.

Biebrich

Zollverein

1831 - p1950

Woodwinds

(Pass)

(Pass)

Hell, Ferdinand

Vienna

Austria

1841 - 1869

Woodwinds,
Brass

(Pass)

(Pass)

Helwert, Jakob David

Stuttgart

Zollverein

1844 - 1866

Woodwinds

(Pass)

(Pass)

Henri & Martin

Paris

France

1855 - 1865

N/A

(Pass)

Brass

Herold, C. G.

Klingenthal

Zollverein

1793 - 1900

Woodwinds, Brass

(Pass)

(Pass)

Hertig, Johann

Berne

Switzerland

1846 - 1885

(Pass)

(Pass)

Brass

Higham, Joseph

Manchester

England

1842 - 1950

(Pass)

(Pass)

Brass

Houzé & Cie.

Paris

France

1848 – p1855

(Pass)

Brass

(Pass)

Hübscher, Christian

Stockholm

Sweden

1848 - 1864

Brass

(Pass)

(Pass)

Husson-Buthod & Thibouville

Paris

France

1857 - 1862

N/A

N/A

Woodwinds, Brass

Jordan, James

Liverpool

England

1830 - 1852

Brass

N/A

N/A

Kandler, Daniel

Vienna

Austria

1854 - 1903

N/A

(Pass)

Brass

Klein, C.

Mainz

Zollverein

Mid c. 19

Woodwinds, Brass

N/A

N/A

Klemm, Georg & August

Markneukirchen

Zollverein

1851 - 1930

Brass

(Pass)

(Pass)

Knechtel, Sebastian

Vienna

Austria

C1842 - 1873

(Pass)

Woodwinds

(Pass)

Köhler, John

London

England

1834 - 1863

Brass, Woodwinds

(Pass)

(Pass)

Kohlert, V. F.

Graslitz

Austria (at the time)

1840 - 1880

(Pass)

(Pass)

Woodwinds

Labbaye, J. C.

Paris

France

1841 - 1878

Brass

Brass

Brass

Lamperhoff, J. & A.

Essen

Zollverein

1844 - 1924

Flutes

(Pass)

(Pass)

Lausmann, Josef Wenzel

Linz

Austria

1855 - 1880

N/A

Flutes

Flutes

Lecomte, Arséne Zoë

Paris

France

1859 - 1910

N/A

N/A

Brass

Losschmidt, Franz

Olmütz

Austria
 (at the time)

1852 – p1867

N/A

Woodwinds

(Pass)

Lot, Louis

Paris

France

1855 - 1950

N/A

Flutes

Flutes

Macfarlane, George

London

England

1845 - 1860

Brass

(Pass)

(Pass)

McPherson, J. & Sons

Montreal

Canada

Mid c. 19

Woodwinds, Brass

N/A

N/A

McNeill, John

Dublin

Ireland

1834 - p1950

Brass

(Pass)

(Pass)

Mahillon, Charles

Brussels

Belgium

1836 - 1935

Woodwinds, Brass

(Pass)

Woodwinds, Brass

Martin fréres

Paris

France

c1840 - 1927

Woodwinds

Flutes

(Pass)

Marzoli, Angelo G. P.

Paris

France

1855 - 1865

N/A

Woodwinds

Woodwinds

Meinl, Daniel

Vienna

Austria

1849 - 1873

(Pass)

(Pass)

Brass

Metzler & Co.

London

England

1833 - 1936

(Pass)

(Pass)

Brass

Michaud & Cie.

Paris

France

1833 - 1872

(Pass)

Brass

(Pass)

Mille, Auguste

Paris

France

1856 - 1898

N/A

N/A

Brass

Missenharter, Charles

Ulm

Stuttgart

Zollverein

1856 – 1861
1861 - 1870

N/A

N/A

Brass

Müller, C. A.

Mainz

Zollverein

1827 - 1903

Brass

(Pass)

(Pass)

Muller, Louis

Lyon

France

p1836 - 1867

Woodwinds, Brass

Woodwinds,
Brass

(Pass)

Nonon, Jaques

Paris

France

1853 - 1867

N/A

Flutes

(Pass)

Oates, Joseph

Lichfield

England

mid c. 19

Brass

(Pass)

Brass

Obry

Amiens

France

mid c. 19

N/A

Wind Insts.

N/A

Osch, Edigus van

Maastricht

Holland

1849 - 1885

(Pass)

(Pass)

Brass

Ottensteiner, Georg

Füssen
Munich

Zollverein

1849 – 1851
1851 - 1879

(Pass)

Woodwinds, Brass

(Pass)

Pace & Sons

London

England

1830 - 1883

Brass

(Pass)

(Pass)

Pask, John

London

England

1840 - 1871

Flutes

(Pass)

(Pass)

Paulus, Friedrich August

Braunschweig

Zollverein

1858 - 1871

N/A

N/A

Brass

Pélison

Paris

France

Mid c. 19 - 1931

N/A

N/A

Brass

Pelitti, Giuseppe Clemente

Milan

Italy

1828 - 1905

Brass

Brass

Brass

Pellerin, Charles Alexandre

Paris

France

mid c. 19

Brass

N/A

N/A

Pfaff, Georg Michael

Kaiserslautern

Zollverein

1851 - 1864

Flutes,
Brass

Brass

(Pass)

Pfaff, Johann (most likely in association with Georg)

Philadelphia

USA

1843 - 1888

Flutes

(Pass)

(Pass)

Piatet & Benoit

Lyon

France

1836 – p1855

(Pass)

Woodwinds, Brass

N/A

Piering, Theodor

Hamburg

Zollverein

Mid c. 19

N/A

N/A

Woodwinds, Brass

Potter, Henry

London

England

1841 - p1950

Flutes

(Pass)

Flutes

Riedl, Josef Felix

Vienna

Austria

1812 – 1862

Brass

Brass

(Pass)

Riedl, Johann

Budapest

Hungary

mid c. 19

N/A

N/A

Brass

Roeder, Charles

Vienna

Austria

mid c. 19

N/A

N/A

Woodwinds

Roth, Charles (entered as G.  Roth – family member?)

Strasbourg

France

1844 - 1881

Woodwinds

Flutes

(Pass)

Rott, Augustin Heinrich

Prague

Austria
(at the time)

1839 - 1868

Brass

Brass

Brass

Rott, Vincenz Josef

Prague

Austria
 (at the time)

1841 - p1854

Brass

(Pass)

(Pass)

Rudall, Rose & Co.

London

England

1821 - `1852

Flutes

N/A

N/A

Rudall, Rose, Carte & Co.

London

England

1852 - 1871

N/A

(Pass)

Flutes

Ruggiero, Cesare

Naples

Italy

1855 - 1914

N/A

N/A

Brass

Samson, George Robert

London

England

Mid c.19

N/A

N/A

Brass

Sax, Adolphe

Paris

France

1843 - 1894

Woodwinds, Brass

Woodwinds,
Brass

Woodwinds, Brass

Sax, Alphonse

Brussels
Paris

Belgium
France

1845 – 1851
1851 - 1864

(Pass)

(Pass)

Brass

Schamal, Wenzel

Prague

Austria (at the time)

1842 - 1879

(Pass)

(Pass)

Brass

Schultz, Leberecht Wilhelm

Meiningen

Zollverein

1835 –p1851

Brass

N/A

N/A

Schuster, Gebrüder

Markneukirchen

Zollverein

1854 - p1929

N/A

(Pass)

Woodwinds, Brass

Schuster, Ludwig

Markneukirchen

Zollverein

1851 - 1862

Brass

(Pass)

(Pass)

Schuster, Michael junior.

Markneukirchen

Zollverein

1844 – p1851

Woodwinds, Brass

N/A

N/A

Seidel, Josef Franz

Mainz

Zollverein

1846 - 1869

Flutes

(Pass)

Woodwinds, Brass

Selboe, Johan Christoffer

Copenhagen

Denmark

1837 - 1873

Flutes

(Pass)

(Pass)

Serpek, Josef

Vienna

Austria

Mid c. 19

N/A

N/A

Brass

Shaw, John

Glossop

England

a1851 - 1894

Brass

(Pass)

(Pass)

Siccama, Abel

London

England

1848 - 1862

Flutes

(Pass)

(Pass)

Simpson, John

London

England

c1826 - 1869

(Pass)

(Pass)

Flutes

Skorra, Carl Eduard

Berlin

Zollverein

1838 – p1865

(Pass)

(Pass)

Woodwinds

Societé des Facteurs

Paris

France

1848 – p1855

(Pass)

Woodwinds, Brass

(Pass)

Sommer, F.

Jauer, Silesia

Zollverein

Mid c. 19

Brass

N/A

N/A

Sperk, J.

?

Austria

Mid c. 19

N/A

N/A

Brass

Stegmaier, Ferdinand

Ingolstadt

Zollverein

1852 - 1890

N/A

(Pass)

Brass

Stehle, Johann

Vienna

Austria

c1830 - 1876

Woodwinds

(Pass)

(Pass)

Stöhr, Franz Xavier

Prague

Austria
 (at the time)

1829 - 1876

Brass

Brass

(Pass)

Stöhr, Josef (son of above)

Prague

Austria
 (at the time)

c1860 - 1881

N/A

N/A

Brass

Stowasser, Ignaz

Vienna

Austria

1838 – a1914

(Pass)

Brass

Brass

Tamplini, Giuseppe (with Corneluis Ward

London

England

mid c. 19

Woodwinds

N/A

N/A

Theisz, S.

Hermannstadt

Austria

Mid c. 19

Woodwinds, Brass

(Pass)

(Pass)

Thibouville, Martin ainé

Paris

France

1848 – p1894

(Pass)

Woodwinds

Woodwinds

Triebert, Frederic

Paris

France

1810 – early c. 20

Flutes

Flutes

Flutes

Tulou, Jean-Louis

Paris

France

1831 - 1859

Flutes

Flutes

N/A

Uhlmann, Joseph

Vienna

Austria

a1843 - 1859

Flutes

(Pass)

N/A

Vinatieri, Fortunato

Turin

Italy

a1861 - 1883

N/A

N/A

Brass, Flutes

Waddell, James

London

England

mid c. 19

N/A

N/A

Brass

Wahl, I. V.

Landskrona

Sweden

1818 - 1911

(Pass)

Woodwinds, Brass

(Pass)

Ward, Cornelius
 
(with Giuseppe Tamplini)

London

England

1836 – c1870

Flutes

(Pass)

(Pass)

Widman, Josef Ignaz

Freiburg im Breisgau

Zollverein

1838 - 1863

Woodwinds

(Pass)

(Pass)

Wilson, William

London

England

mid c. 19

N/A

N/A

Flutes

Witton (probably exhibiting on behalf of Jordan Wainwright)

?

Australia

mid c. 19

N/A

N/A

Flutes

Ziegler, Johann

Vienna

Austria

1821 – p1895

Flutes

(Pass)

Flutes


Notes

Some very interesting observations arise from a study of the above table.  The four main protagonists at these Exhibitions were clearly France, England, Austria (then a substantially larger country than it is today) and the Zollverein (or “German Customs Union”, an early free-trade grouping of states under which title the German exhibitors entered these events).  These four countries alone accounted for well over three quarters of the total for all three Exhibitions.

The breakdown is as follows:

French Exhibitors:       

43

(31%)

English Exhibitors: 28

(20 %)

Austrian Exhibitors:      25

(18%)

Zollverein Exhibitors:    24

(17 %)

All Other Countries:      19

(14%)

     
Total Exhibitors: 140 (100%)

It seems clear from these figures that France held a commanding lead at the time in terms of its involvement in wind instrument production.

It is highly instructive to look at the numbers of wind instrument exhibitors from the four main protagonists at the various events:                             

Country

London 1851

Paris 1855

London 1862

France

16

33

23

England

17

0

15

Austria

10

9

15

Zollverein

17

3

8

All others

11

3

9

Totals

71

48

70

The really striking thing is the almost complete absence of any serious outside challenge to the French exhibitors at the Paris event of 1855 apart from the Austrians, who held their ground.  No exhibitors showed up from England, and only three from the Zollverein.  It appears from this that the exhibitors from England and Germany saw the Paris Exhibition as an “inside job” in which they stood to gain nothing but rather only to be humiliated by their French rivals.  Something of an inferiority complex is indicated here …….the security of home ground seems to have appealed to them!   It is also true to say that their concerns may have had some basis -  the 1855 event was specifically organized by the French in retaliation for the 1851 Exhibition, at which they felt that their accomplishments had been undervalued by comparison with the host country Great Britain – in fact, Paris 1855 was known to contemporaries as “the revenge for 1851”!! 

 By contrast, the French were happy to take on the others wherever the opportunity offered – they actually increased their numerical presence at the 1862 event in London by comparison with 1851, presumably because they interpreted the non-appearance of the British exhibitors in 1855 as a concession of inferiority and had been denied the opportunity to rub salt in that particular wound in 1855!  Clearly, they had a high level of confidence in the ability of their products to stand comparison with those of all comers, regardless of the venue.  Their confidence  may well have been justified.

As an aside, it is also highly instructive to note that of the 71 wind instrument exhibitors in 1851, fully 34 of them (nearly half) seem to have decided that the effort was not worthwhile and did not appear at either of the subsequent exhibitions.  Perhaps a rather telling statistic – the effort involved may have been out of proportion to the return!! 


Flute Exhibitors at the 1862 Exhibition.

We have dealt elsewhere with the flutes displayed at the 1851 Exhibition, which inaugurated this style of World Exposition.  In 1851, 25 exhibitors are known to have displayed flutes.  This was down to only 13 at Paris in 1855, largely due to the non-appearance of England and a very sparse effort from the Zollverein. In fact, the Paris event turned out to be more of a showcase for French makers than anything else, and the lack of any serious challenge from elsewhere makes the event of relatively little interest in the context of comparative flute studies.  It also indicates a very marked lack of confidence on the part of the English and Zollverein makers regarding their ability to compete with the French on their home turf.  This last point was clearly not lost on the French.

The London Exhibition of 1862 was over twice as large as that of 1851 in terms of overall exhibitor participation and was also considerably larger than the Paris event of 1855.  In terms of wind instrument exhibitors, the English manufacturers had returned, along with the strongest showing yet from Austria and a partial recovery on the part of the Zollverein.  And while French participation was considerably lower than it had been in Paris in 1855, it was still substantially higher than it had been in 1851.  As a result of these factors, the overall number of wind instrument exhibitors (as opposed to those specifically exhibiting flutes) had essentially recovered to 1851 levels despite the previously-noted failure of almost half of the wind instrument exhibitors from 1851 to return in 1862.  Their numbers had been made up for by the appearance of many new exhibitors, notably those from France and some from Austria.

However, given the fact that the overall scale of the 1862 Exhibition was far larger than that of 1851, with well over double the number of exhibitors, the recovery in the number of wind instrument exhibitors to 1851 levels was not in fact a recovery at all in proportional  terms - in relation to the overall participation from all sectors,  the 1862 event actually attracted proportionally far fewer wind instrument participants.  Doubtless, if the USA had not been preoccupied with the Civil War at the time, they would have made a very strong showing and increased the numbers considerably.  We will never know ……….

Furthermore, despite the recovery to 1851 numbers by the wind instrument sector , the 22 flute exhibitors still represented a lower number than had been present in 1851. In other words, the proportion of wind instrument exhibitors displaying flutes was slightly  lower than it had been in 1851. Not only that, but a substantially higher proportion of those that did exhibit flutes appear to have viewed the flute as a sideline and to have been more focused on other instruments.  See our accompanying page detailing the flute exhibits at the 1862 Exhibition for more details on this trend.

This observation is surely a reflection of two factors – one, that many of the competing designs which had so enlivened the 1852 event had fallen by the wayside by 1862; and two, that the flute had greatly fallen from public favour by 1862, a position from which it was not to recover for many decades.  This had presumably led to a proportional decrease in the relative number of wind instrument manufacturers retaining a strong commercial interest in the flute – a higher proportion now appeared to be hedging their bets and concentrating on other instruments.  

Only three of the 1851 flute exhibitors had ceased operations in 1862, so the reduction in the number of flutes displayed in 1862 is more a reflection of reduced willingness to participate than of the winding-up of the firms concerned.   No less than 8 firms appeared for the first time as flute exhibitors in 1862, although two of these (Clinton & Co. and Rudall, Rose, Carte & Co.) were following directly in the footsteps of predecessor concerns which had exhibited in 1851. This was not sufficient to offset the substantial reduction in numbers caused by the failure of a significant proportion of the still-active firms who had displayed flutes in 1851 to return in 1862.  These figures reflect the fortunes of an instrument which had fallen on hard times …………

 The following table showing all of the confirmed flute exhibitors in 1862 gives an overview of the situation:

Maker

City

Country

Active

London 1851

Paris 1855

London 1862

Albert, Eugene

Brussels

Belgium

1842 - 1895

(Pass)

(Pass)

Flutes

Böhm, Theobald

Munich

Zollverein

1828 - 1888

Flutes

Flutes

Flutes

Boosey & Co.

London

England

1851 - 1930

(Pass)

(Pass)

Flutes

Breton, J. D.

Paris

France

1844 - 1874

Flutes

Flutes

Flutes

Buffet, Auguste jeune

Paris

France

1830 - 1885

Flutes

Flutes

Flutes

Buffet-Crampon

Paris

France

1839 - 1950

(Pass)

Flutes

Flutes

Card & Co.

London

England

1825 - 1876

Flutes

(Pass)

Flutes

Chappell, S. A.

London

England

1862 - 1901

N/A

N/A

Flutes

Clinton & Co.

London

England

1855 - 1871

N/A

(Pass)

Flutes

Forni, Egidio

Milan

Italy

p1847 - 1872

(Pass)

(Pass)

Flutes

Gautrot ainé

Paris

France

1845 - 1884

Flutes

Flutes

Flutes

Godefroy, Clair ainé

Paris

France

1814 - 1888

Flutes

Flutes

Flutes

Lausmann, Josef Wenzel

Linz

Austria

1855 - 1880

N/A

Flutes

Flutes

Lot, Louis

Paris

France

1855 - 1950

N/A

Flutes

Flutes

Potter, Henry

London

England

1841 - p1950

Flutes

(Pass)

Flutes

Rudall, Rose, Carte & Co.

London

England

1852 - 1871

N/A

(Pass)

Flutes

Simpson, John

London

England

c1826 - 1869

(Pass)

(Pass)

Flutes

Triebert, Frederic

Paris

France

1810 – early c. 20

Flutes

Flutes

Flutes

Vinatieri, Fortunato

Turin

Italy

a1861 - 1883

N/A

N/A

Flutes

Wilson, William

London

England

mid c. 19

N/A

N/A

Flutes

Witton (probably exhibiting on behalf of Jordan Wainwright)

?

Australia

mid c. 19

N/A

N/A

Flutes

Ziegler, Johann

Vienna

Austria

1821 – p1895

Flutes

(Pass)

Flutes

Of these 22 flute exhibitors from 1862, 8 had not been in a position to exhibit in 1851.  Of the remaining 14, no less than 9 had also chosen to exhibit flutes back in 1851.  All but four of the 1862 participants had been in a position to exhibit in Paris in 1855 if they had chosen to do so, but only 9 of the 18 exhibitors from 1862 who were also active in 1855 had chosen to display flutes in that year’s event. Only 6 had displayed flutes at all three Exhibitions, and one of these was Böhm.  Apart from Böhm and the Austrian Lausmann, only the French exhibitors in the above table had exhibited flutes in 1855.

The flutes of the 1851 Exhibition, as well as those of the 1862 Exhibition, are detailed elsewhere.


Acknowledgements

Thanks to Adrian Duncan for assembling this analysis.

 

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  Created 7 October 2006